Survey on Sports

Please do the survey on the link that was given :http://www.surveymonkey.com/MySurvey_EditorPage.aspx?sm=asUYEczsSFcaGFX1FIB2P7PcJYf0palL7Hgw7RrvLp8%3d

Drug affect competition & the nation of FAIRNESS

1. DEFINITION OF DOPING.

Doping is the habit of using chemical substances such as drugs, hormones or practising non-natural methods to enhance athletic performance (Freudenrich, 2003; Haynes & Fitch, 1992). According to the Council of Europe, sports doping is the utilising of materials that are foreign to the body, in minute or large quantities, or the application of psychological processes with the purpose of improving the athletic performance in a competition in a dishonest manner [Ferstle, 1993 , p256]. The use of drugs as medicine to alleviate pain, as a course of therapy or as treatment is also considered doping if the effect of that drug causes the performance of the athlete to be superior to the regular level[Ferstle,1993, p256].

2. EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE ATHLETE (PHYSICAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL).

The effects of the various drugs stated in the table above on the athlete have been documented. It is found that irresponsible usage, the usage without prescription and the usage contrary to the original intention will cause adverse effects to develop both physically and psychologically. The following paragraphs will explain the function of the drugs, what they are normally used for and the negative effects that can develop with abuse. However, only certain mainstream drugs that are frequently used will be described.

What if perfomance enhancing drugs used at the Olympics?

In sports, the use of performance-enhancing drugs is commonly referred to by the disparaging term "doping", particularly by those organizations that regulate competitions. The use of performance enhancing drugs is mostly done to improve athletic performance. This is why many sports ban the use of performance enhancing drugs. Another similar use of medical technology is called blood doping, either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). The reasons for the ban are mainly the alleged health threat of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity for athletes and the supposedly exemplary effect of "clean" ("doping-free") sports in the public.
This entry concerns the use of performance-enhancing drugs by humans. The use of such drugs is also common in horse racing and other equestrian sports, and in greyhound racing.


Origin of the term "doping"
There are many suggestions as to the origin of the word ‘doping’. One is that it is derived from ‘dop’ an alcoholic drink used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances in 18th century Southern Africa . Another suggestion is that the word comes from the Dutch word ‘doop’ (a thick dipping sauce) that entered American slang to describe how robbers stupefied victims by mixing tobacco with the seeds of Datura stramonium , known as jimsonweed, which contains a number of tropane alkaloids, causing sedation, hallucinations and confusion . In 1900, dope was also defined as ‘a preparation of drugs designed to influence a racehorse’s performance’.

Illegal Drugs used in the Olympics .

Anabolic Steriods

Some health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of anabolic steroids. These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels, acne, high blood pressure, liver damage, and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. They increase protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles. Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing properties, including the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cards and body hair.

Anabolic Steroids. Anabolic steroids (proper name: anabolic-androgenic steroids) are synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (androgens). They promote the growth of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects), and also have some other effects.

Since the 1950s, some athletes have been taking anabolic steroids to build muscle and boost their athletic performance. Studies show that, over time, anabolic steroids can indeed take a heavy toll on a person's health. The abuse of oral or injectable steroids is associated with higher risks for heart attacks and strokes, and the abuse of most oral steroids is associated with increased risk for liver problems.
Anabolic steroid abuse can also cause undesirable body changes. These include breast development and genital shrinking in men, masculinization of the body in women, and acne and hair loss in both sexes.

What is the history of football?

The name football is associated with number of different games, such as soccer, rugby, and American football.
There is also Gaelic football, Canadian football, and Australian football.
The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer"

Football’s Early Beginnings
Football (as well as rugby and soccer) are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature, where it is often referred to as a “very rough and brutal game“. The rules of this ancient sport were quite simple: Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal line, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other team’s objective was simply to stop them by any means possible. There was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules.